HEALTH
9 min
A Vet’s Guide to Hip Dysplasia: Signs, Causes, & Treatment
A silent threat to our dogs, hip dysplasia can severely affect their mobility and quality of life. Dr Rohit discusses early signs, treatment, prevention, and more.
Table of contents
Hip dysplasia (HD) in dogs is a genetic condition seen in certain dog breeds that leads to malformation and improper function of one or both hip joints. This often results in pain and difficulty walking for the dog. While genetics plays a major role, other factors like growth and development, flooring, diet, and obesity can accelerate or worsen the condition.
Based on the severity (or grade) of hip dysplasia, the management measures can range from dietary changes, supplements and lifestyle management to surgical interventions. In some cases, permanent aids might be necessary to maintain the dog’s mobility and quality of life.
Based on the severity (or grade) of hip dysplasia, the management measures can range from dietary changes, supplements and lifestyle management to surgical interventions. In some cases, permanent aids might be necessary to maintain the dog’s mobility and quality of life.
What Is Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?
Hip dysplasia in dogs is a condition where the ball-and-socket joint of the thigh and hip bone doesn’t fit together properly. This can happen if:
This misalignment, often called a dysplastic joint, is graded from 1 to 4 based on its severity. There are many classifications of these levels by different veterinary boards but roughly put the severity goes up and prognosis goes down from grade 1 from 4.
As time passes, the constant slipping in and out and rubbing of the mismatched bones can lead to wear and tear, resulting in changes in the bone structure and a very painful condition called osteoarthritis that significantly impacts a dog's mobility.
Hip dysplasia can affect one side of the hips (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral). In unilateral cases, the unaffected leg may show compensatory changes, you would be able to notice a difference between the legs, making diagnosis easier. Bilateral cases of hip dysplasia can be tricky to detect early, but timely intervention can make a significant difference in a dog’s recovery.
- The socket is too shallow or flat, preventing the ball of the thigh bone (femur) from sitting securely, or
- The ball (head) is disproportionately developed or shaped and doesn’t fit well into the socket.
This misalignment, often called a dysplastic joint, is graded from 1 to 4 based on its severity. There are many classifications of these levels by different veterinary boards but roughly put the severity goes up and prognosis goes down from grade 1 from 4.
As time passes, the constant slipping in and out and rubbing of the mismatched bones can lead to wear and tear, resulting in changes in the bone structure and a very painful condition called osteoarthritis that significantly impacts a dog's mobility.
Hip dysplasia can affect one side of the hips (unilateral) or both sides (bilateral). In unilateral cases, the unaffected leg may show compensatory changes, you would be able to notice a difference between the legs, making diagnosis easier. Bilateral cases of hip dysplasia can be tricky to detect early, but timely intervention can make a significant difference in a dog’s recovery.
Image Credits: Doyalson Animal Hospital
How Early Can Hip Dysplasia in Dogs Appear?
There is no fixed age for the onset of hip dysplasia in dogs. However, high-risk breeds can start showing signs as early as 2 months of age. The most common symptoms typically appear between 6 to 12 months of age, making regular vet checkups during this period especially important.
Which Dog Breeds Are More Prone to Hip Dysplasia?
Hip dysplasia is most commonly seen in large breeds, but it can also affect medium and small breeds. The Orthopaedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) has ranked 50 dog breeds based on how commonly they are diagnosed with hip dysplasia. You can check the full list by clicking here.
What Causes Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?
Hip dysplasia in dogs is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, making it a complex condition that requires careful management.
a) Genetics and Breeding
Hip dysplasia is a polygenic disease, meaning multiple genes can contribute to its development. The genetic inheritance is not straightforward either, the trait can skip generations, making it difficult to predict. A dog with hip dysplasia may not necessarily have parents who also had the condition, which underscores the importance of responsible breeding practices. Dogs with dysplastic hips should not be bred to reduce the risk in future generations.
Having said that, genetics alone does not determine whether a dog will develop symptoms of hip dysplasia. Many dogs with a genetic predisposition to hip dysplasia never show signs, particularly those whose pet parents take specific preventive measures. Environmental factors such as diet, exercise, and growth rate can significantly influence the onset and severity of the condition.
b) Environmental and Lifestyle Factors
Several external factors can contribute to the development and severity of hip dysplasia, including:
a) Genetics and Breeding
Hip dysplasia is a polygenic disease, meaning multiple genes can contribute to its development. The genetic inheritance is not straightforward either, the trait can skip generations, making it difficult to predict. A dog with hip dysplasia may not necessarily have parents who also had the condition, which underscores the importance of responsible breeding practices. Dogs with dysplastic hips should not be bred to reduce the risk in future generations.
Having said that, genetics alone does not determine whether a dog will develop symptoms of hip dysplasia. Many dogs with a genetic predisposition to hip dysplasia never show signs, particularly those whose pet parents take specific preventive measures. Environmental factors such as diet, exercise, and growth rate can significantly influence the onset and severity of the condition.
b) Environmental and Lifestyle Factors
Several external factors can contribute to the development and severity of hip dysplasia, including:
- Growth Rate: Puppies that grow too quickly or disproportionately are at higher risk of hip dysplasia.
- Diet: High-caloric, nutritionally imbalanced or diets lacking essential nutrients can lead to bone deformities, increasing the likelihood of hip dysplasia.
- Obesity: Excess weight can put additional stress on the joints, contributing to the development or worsening of hip dysplasia. Large breed dogs, in particular, require careful weight management to prevent joint issues.
- Early Neutering: Early neutering (before 1.5–2 years of age), particularly in large breed dogs, can affect their growth rate, leading to disproportionate skeletal development and a higher risk of hip dysplasia.
- Excessive exercise: Excessive or rather inappropriate high-impact activities during the developmental years can put additional strain on the hips and contribute to dysplasia.
- Flooring: High-risk dogs spending long hours on slippery floors without proper grip are more prone to hip dysplasia without proper traction. Providing a stable, non-slip surface is crucial, especially during their developmental stage.
What Are the First Signs of Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?
The first signs of hip dysplasia can be subtle but often include changes in movement and posture. Watch for feet pointing more inward or outward than usual, or a stiff gait with less bending while walking. Some other common signs of hip dysplasia are:
- Limping or Lameness: This is one of the most common signs of HD, but is often ignored as a one-off issue by pet parents. The limping is particularly more noticeable after exercise or strenuous activity.
- Swaying Gait or Bunny Hopping: Dogs with Hip Dysplasia may have an abnormal walk where dogs shift the weight to their front longs and use their back legs together in short hops.
- Difficulty Getting Up or Climbing Stairs: A dog with hip dysplasia may struggle while getting up from a resting position or using the stairs. It is important to note any changes in your dog’s posture as they sit or lie down.
- Difficulty Excreting: Related to the point above, a dog with hip dysplasia may have difficulty squatting while urinating or defecating. You may see them excessively circling or taking abnormal postures before toileting, yet producing the normal amount and consistency of excrement.
- Pain or Sensitivity: Signs of pain, such as whimpering, yelping or whining when touched around the hip area, can be indicative of Hip Dysplasia.
- Reduced Activity Level: Dogs may show a reluctance to play or engage in physical activities they once enjoyed, resorting to spending most of their time sleeping or resting to cope with the pain.
What a "bunny hop" looks like. Credits: Mansion Hill Vets
How is Hip Dysplasia Diagnosed?
Hip dysplasia is diagnosed through a combination of physical exams, imaging, and medical history.
- Physical Examination: Your vet will assess your dog’s gait, flexibility, and pain response around the hip area. They will also conduct a range of motion test where your dog’s joints are moved in all possible and appropriate directions to check for impairment.
- X-rays: X-rays are the most reliable way to confirm hip dysplasia. They allow the veterinarian to assess joint laxity (looseness of the hips) and bone changes like osteoarthritis. In severe cases, sedation may be needed to prevent movement during the procedure, and for some dogs, this can be very painful.
- Other Imaging Techniques: In some cases, CT scans or MRIs may be used for a more detailed examination if X-rays are inconclusive or before surgery.
- Orthopaedic Tests: Specific orthopaedic tests, such as the Ortolani test, are sometimes performed to evaluate joint stability and laxity.
Credits: CHS Hip Dysplasia 2022 by British Veterinary Association
How To Treat Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?
The treatment plans for hip dysplasia in dogs depend on the severity of the condition and the dog’s overall health. Options include:
- Non-Surgical Treatments: Often the first step and intervention if caught early, but are often advised for long-term care:
- Weight Management: Keeping your dog at a healthy weight reduces strain on the hips. Your dog might be put on a weight-control or neutered diet as per your vet.
- Pain Relief: As this condition can be quite painful, NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are often the first & common choice of prescription for management of pain and discomfort.
- Physical & Hydrotherapy: Your veterinarian may suggest certain therapy options, like physiotherapy or hydrotherapy, to improve joint mobility and reduce pain. Regular hydrotherapy sessions help by reducing joint strain during exercise, providing relief, and significantly improving your dog’s quality of life.
- Laser Therapy: Laser therapy is increasingly used to manage pain and inflammation in hip dysplasia. It’s non-invasive, safe, and can be scheduled regularly to provide relief for your dog.
- Joint Supplements: Chondroprotectants like glucosamine and chondroitin support joint health and help slow arthritis progression. Additionally, supplements like omega-3 can reduce inflammation and improve mobility, especially in dogs with stiff, arthritic joints.
- Surgical Treatments: Surgical intervention is considered when other treatments are ineffective. Proper post-operative care is crucial when considering surgery, as poor management can lead to complications like osteoarthritis.
- Hip Replacement: In severe cases, the entire hip is replaced with a prosthetic one. This procedure is slowly gaining popularity due to its effectiveness, but it requires appropriate skill and expertise to perform.
- Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO): An intensive procedure for young dogs where the pelvis is cut and repositioned to help the hip joint function more effectively.
- Femoral Head and Neck Excision (FHO): In certain cases, the femur head is removed to alleviate pain. This is typically reserved for smaller dogs or less severe cases. This is the most common surgical option, but post-operative rest and care are crucial for proper recovery.
How To Prevent Hip Dysplasia in Dogs?
While hip dysplasia is often genetic, pet parents can take steps to reduce the risk or manage the condition effectively:
- Choose the Right Breeder: If you are getting a puppy from a breeder, opt for one who screens for hip dysplasia in the dogs he breeds and shares the dogs’ health information, transparently. Often, knowing what you can expect early and taking appropriate measures can make a difference in the dog’s quality of life.
- Educate yourself: Stay informed through educational articles like this one along with a wide variety of material available online and cross-check the information by your veterinarian to maintain a healthy quality of life for your dog.
- Proper Nutrition: Ensure your dog is fed a well-balanced diet, preferably designed by a canine nutritionist, and avoid overfeeding, especially in high-risk breeds. Ensure your dog stays consistent with any supplements prescribed by your nutritionist.
- Controlled Exercise: Encourage regular, moderate activity while avoiding excessive high-impact exercises, particularly during the puppy’s growth phase. But it is also important for your puppy to be a puppy, and if it is with children, supervision is important.
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Keeping your dog at an ideal weight reduces joint strain, especially in medium and large breeds that naturally carry more weight on their joints.
- Regular Vet Checkups: Regular vet checkups—every three months initially, then annually after your dog turns one—are crucial for detecting hip dysplasia early and managing it before it worsens.
- Managing flooring: Since most homes have smooth flooring, providing your dog or puppy with rugs, mats, or access to balconies and artificial turf can support healthy bone development and reduce strain on their joints.
In Conclusion
Hip dysplasia can be a challenging condition, but with early detection and the right care, dogs can still enjoy a happy, active life. As pet parents, understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment options empowers us to make the best decisions for our dogs’ well-being. While genetics play a role, proactive steps like responsible breeding, proper nutrition, and weight management can help reduce the risk. If you suspect your dog may have hip dysplasia, don’t wait—consult your veterinarian to create a tailored plan that keeps them comfortable and thriving.
References:
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References:
- Bardens, J. W. "Palpation and Detection of Dysplasia and Wedge Technique for Pelvic Radiography." Proceedings of the American Animal Hospital Association Annual Meeting, 1972, pp. 468–471.
- Bouw, J. "Hip Dysplasia and Dog Breeding." Veterinary Quarterly, vol. 4, no. 4, 1982, pp. 173–181, https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1982.9693859.
- Fries, C. L., and A. M. Remedios. "The Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Canine Hip Dysplasia: A Review." Canadian Veterinary Journal, vol. 36, no. 8, Aug. 1995, pp. 494–502. PubMed, PMID: 7585436; PMCID: PMC1687006.
- Harari, J. "Hip Dysplasia in Dogs." MSD Veterinary Manual, 2024, https://www.msdvetmanual.com/musculoskeletal-system/arthropathies-and-related-disorders-in-small-animals/hip-dysplasia-in-dogs.
- Leighton, E. A. "Genetics of Canine Hip Dysplasia." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, vol.. 210, no. 10, 1997, pp. 1474–1479. Accessed 4 Mar. 2025, https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.1997.210.10.1474.
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We at thePack.in have worked with the best experts in the pet care space to launch the HONST 30% Omega 3 Sardine Fish oil for Dogs. Made from just two ingredients - sardine fish and vitamin E, the Honst fish oil is an all-natural Omega 3 supplement with the highest concentration of Omega 3 (EPA & DHA) in the market. 🐟
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